Systemic sclerosis: markers and targeted treatments.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by autoantibody production, progressive microvasculopathy, and aberrant extracellular matrix protein (ECM) synthesis in tissues. The disease presents two major clinical hallmarks: Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and skin involvement, followed by varying prevalences of internal organ involvement. Despite significant advances in the management of certain organ-specific involvements and symptoms, the research for efficient markers and targets, to be used for an optimized treatment, is still ongoing. Therapies targeting the vasculature (i.e. ET-1 receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhi bitor, agiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, prostacyclins), the immune system and/or the fibrotic process (i.e. traditional disease modifying anti-rheu - matic drugs DMARDs such as methotrexate, cyclospo - rine or mycophenolate mofetil, biologicals like rituxi - mab, tocilizumab or abatacept) have been or are being eva luated in SSc. Advanced approaches, reserved to unres ponsive SSc patients, include autologous haema - topoietic stem cell transplantation (HSTC) and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG). Interestingly, it is expected that new and future possible diagnostic and therapeutical approaches in SSc will come from epigenetic studies (MicroRNAs). Ideally, combination therapy in SSc seems the best approach, together with the early intervention on the major hallmarks of the disease in "at risk" patients, that consists of the microvascular damage/altered function and the autoimmune reaction, followed by the progressive and systemic fibrotic process. .