DEHP mediates drug resistance by directly targeting AhR in human breast cancer

Resistance to chemotherapy and hormonal therapy is a major clinical problem in breast cancer medicine, especially for cancer metastasis and recurrence. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) affects drug resistance by an unknown mechanism of action. Here we analyzed breast cancer patients (N = 457) and found that Σ 4 MEHP (the sum of MEHP, MEHHP, MECPP and MEOHP concentrations) in urine was significantly higher ( P = 0.018) in the recurrent breast cancer group compared with non-recurrent patients. Σ 4 MEHP-High was positively and significantly correlated with tumor stage ( P = 0.005), lymph node status ( P = 0.001), estrogen receptor status ( P = 0.010), Her2/Neu status ( P = 0.004), recurrence ( P = 0.000) and tumor size ( P = 0.002), as well as an independent prognostic marker (OR = 1.868; 95% CI = 1.424–2.451; P < 0.000) associated with poor survival rates based on a positive Her2/Neu status (P = 0.035). In addition, we found that DEHP inhibited paclitaxel and doxorubicin effects in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and in zebrafish and mouse tumor initiation models. DEHP induced trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) expression through the vinculin/aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/ERK signaling pathway and induced CYP2D6, CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 expression through the AhR genomic pathway to increase the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and doxorubicin metabolism, respectably. DEHP mediated AhR-related alterations in estrogen receptor expression through the ubiquitination system, which decreased tamoxifen effects in AhR knockout mice. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic avenue by targeting AhR in drug-resistant and recurrent breast cancer.