作者
Eric A. Standley,Dustin A. Bringley,Selçuk Çalimsiz,Jeffrey D. Ng,Keshab Sarma,Jinyu Shen,David A. Siler,Andrea Ambrosi,Wen‐Tau T. Chang,Anna Chiu,Jason A. Davy,Ian J. Doxsee,Mihaela M. Esanu,Jeffrey A. O. Garber,Youri Kim,Bernard Kwong,Olga B. Lapina,Edmund Leung,Lennie Lin,Andrew Martins,Jenny Phoenix,Jaspal Phull,Benjamin Roberts,Bing‐Feng Shi,Olivier St‐Jean,Xiang Wang,Li Wang,Nande Wright,Guojun Yu
摘要
This manuscript describes the chemical process development and multi-kilogram synthesis of rovafovir etalafenamide (GS-9131), a phosphonamidate prodrug nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor under investigation for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Rovafovir etalafenamide is assembled in a four-step sequence beginning from the nucleoside core and an elaborated phosphonamidate alcohol. The assembly starts with a decarboxylative elimination of a β-hydroxyacid to yield the corresponding cyclic enol ether, which is subsequently coupled to a functionalized phosphonamidate alcohol in an iodoetherification reaction. Oxidative syn elimination then installs the required fluoroalkene, after which a final deprotection reaction yields the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Understanding the genesis, fate, and purge of the des-fluoro analog of the API, a mitochondrial toxin, proved to be a central driver in the development of the manufacturing route and impurity control strategy. Initial control strategies revolved around the use of silica gel chromatography or simulated moving bed chromatography to purge the des-fluoro impurity to an acceptable level, but ultimately a chromatography-free approach to mitigate the formation of this impurity was devised that expanded manufacturing flexibility. Design of experiments was used to improve the iodoetherification fragment coupling reaction and to reduce the level of the des-fluoro impurity formed in this step. Furthermore, several new crystalline intermediate forms were discovered and implemented as isolation points to bolster the overall impurity control strategy for standard, diastereomeric, and potentially mutagenic impurities as well as for the des-fluoro impurity. These processes were executed on multi-kilogram scale to produce API for clinical studies.