Impact of 2-Vinylpyridine as Electrolyte Additive on Surface and Electrochemistry of Graphite for C∕LiMn[sub 2]O[sub 4] Li-Ion Cells

For lithium-ion batteries of , severe capacity loss occurs after storage of the battery at . According to our previous studies, this occurrence is predominantly attributable to degradation of the carbon anode, which was induced by electroreduction of Mn(II) dissolved from the spinel; this step is followed by the irreversible electrochemical reaction at the interface. 2-Vinylpyridine (VP) used as an additive in the electrolyte suppressed this degradation; therefore, improving the battery performances. During the first "charge," the electrochemical reductive polymerization of VP monomers at about 0.9 V vs. resulted in the film formation of poly(2-vinylpyridine) on the graphite surface. The quantity of charge passed for the polymeric film formation depends on the amount of VP addition. Surface analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron microscopy confirmed that the electrodeposited film blocked the electroreduction of dissolved Mn(II) on the graphite electrode.