Hypertension Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of ccRCC Cells by Downregulation of TIMP3 in Tumor Endothelial Cells through the miR-21–5p/TGFBR2/P38/EGR1 Axis

Recent studies have demonstrated that hypertension correlates with tumorigenesis and prognosis of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. By analyzing bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data and experimental examining of surgical excised ccRCC samples, we found that tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3), a pivotal paracrine factor in suppressing tumor progression, was significantly reduced in the tumor endothelial cells of patients with hypertensive ccRCC. Besides, in tumor xenograft of NCG mouse model, compared with saline normotensive group the expression of TIMP3 was significantly decreased in the angiotensin II-induced hypertension group. Treating human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with the plasma of patients with hypertensive ccRCC and miR-21-5p, elevated in the plasma of patients with hypertensive ccRCC, reduced the expression of TIMP3 compared with normotensive and control littermates. We also found that the inhibition of TIMP3 expression by miR-21-5p was not through directly targeting at 3'UTR of TIMP3 but through suppressing the expression of TGFβ receptor 2 (TGFBR2). In addition, the knockout of TGFBR2 reduced TIMP3 expression in HUVECs through P38/EGR1 (early growth response protein 1) signaling axis. Moreover, via coculture of ccRCC cell lines with HUVECs and mouse tumor xenograft model, we discovered that the TIMP3 could suppress the proliferation and migration of ccRCC.Overall, our findings shed new light on the role of hypertension in promoting the progression of ccRCC and provide a potential therapeutic target for patients with ccRCC with hypertension.