Were the autophagosome-lysosome/vacuole fusion models illustrated correctly in the literature?

Exploration of autophagy in different species has become a hotspot in cell biology in the past decades. Macroautophagy (hereafter, autophagy) is the most widely studied type. One of the hallmarks of autophagy is the fusion of the outer membrane (OM) of a closed double-membrane mature autophagosome (AP) with the lysosomal/vacuolar single membrane. Most researchers in the autophagy field agree upon this description. However, AP-lysosome/vacuole fusion models that do not follow this description frequently appear in the literature, even published in some prestigious journals until now. Some of the misrepresented models are from autophagy laboratories with brilliant publication records. These flaws should be addressed as a public announcement in the autophagy field to avoid spreading misinformation. The editors and reviewers are the guardians to ensure correct models.Abbreviations: AP: autophagosome; IM: inner membrane; OM: outer membrane.