IGF1R signaling in perinatal mesenchymal stem cells determines definitive hematopoiesis in bone marrow

During the transition from embryonic to adult life, the sites of hematopoiesis undergo dynamic shifts across various tissues. In adults, while bone marrow becomes the primary site for definitive hematopoiesis, the establishment of the bone marrow niche for accommodating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remains incompletely understood. Here, we reveal that perinatal bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) exhibit highly activated insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling compared to adult BMSCs. Deletion of Igf1r in perinatal BMSCs hinders the transition of HSCs from the fetal liver to the bone marrow in perinatal mice and disrupts hematopoiesis in adult individuals. Conversely, the deletion of Igf1r in adult BMSCs, adipocytes, osteoblasts, or endothelial cells does not affect HSCs in the bone marrow. Mechanistically, IGF1R signaling activates the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) in perinatal BMSCs, which upregulates CXCL12 and other niche factors for HSC retention. Overall, IGF1R signaling in perinatal BMSCs regulates the development of the bone marrow niche for hematopoiesis.