Synergistic dual-defect band engineering for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of microplastics via Nb-induced oxygen vacancies in SnO2 quantum dots

Synergistic dual-defect engineering in Nb-doped SnO 2 QDs boosts visible-light photocatalysis by creating oxygen vacancies, narrowing bandgaps, and extending carrier lifetimes, enabling efficient degradation of PE microplastics in real-world water.