Advanced insights on removal of antibiotics by microalgae-bacteria consortia: A state-of-the-art review and emerging prospects

Antibiotics abuse has triggered a growing environmental problem, posing a major threat to both ecosystem and human health. Unfortunately, there are still several shortcomings to current antibiotics removal technologies. Microalgae-bacteria consortia have been shown to be a promising antibiotics treatment technology owing to advantages of high antibiotics removal efficiency, low operational cost, and carbon emission reduction. This review aims to introduce the removal mechanisms, influencing factors, and future research perspectives for using microalgae-bacteria consortia to remove antibiotics. The interaction mechanisms between microalgae and bacteria are comprehensively revealed, and their exclusive advantages have been summarized in a "Trilogy" strategy, including "reinforced physical contact", "upgraded substance utilization along with antibiotics degradation", and "robust biological regulation". What's more, the relationship between different interaction mechanisms is emphatically analyzed. The important influencing factors, including concentration and classes of antibiotics, environmental conditions, and operational parameters, of antibiotics removal were also assessed. Three innovative treatment systems (microalgae-bacteria fuel cells (MBFCs), microalgae-bacteria membrane photobioreactors (MB-MPBRs), and microalgae-bacteria granular sludge (MBGS)) along with three advanced techniques (metabolic engineering, machine learning, and molecular docking and dynamics) are then introduced. In addition, concrete implementing schemes of the above advanced techniques are also provided. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions in using microalgae-bacteria consortia to remove antibiotics have been summarized. Overall, this review addresses the current state of microalgae-bacteria consortia for antibiotics treatment and provides corresponding recommendations for enhancing antibiotics removal efficiency.