Dissecting the impacts of nanobubbles and heat generated in polymerization on polyamide nanofiltration membranes

In the preparation of nanofiltration (NF) membranes, the introduction of acid acceptors into the aqueous phase generates heat through their interaction with the byproduct HCl from interfacial polymerization (IP), potentially leading to the formation of bubbles. This work aims to dissect the combined influences of heat and nanobubbles on NF membrane structure and performance. Three representative alkalis (i.e., NaHCO3, NaOH, and Ca(OH)2) were employed as acid acceptors into the aqueous phase, resulting in an increase of the consumption of PIP in the IP reaction from 10.75% to 23.65%, 19.35%, and 12.90%, respectively. The use of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 released more heat led to a thicker polyamide layer which reduced flux. While the use of NaHCO3 simultaneously released heat and bubbles, which promoted the development of a rougher surface polyamide layer, resulting in an increased flux from 20.3 to 28.3 L/m2 h bar, while maintaining a salt rejection rate of 97.7%. The attendance of acid acceptors also enhanced the degree of crosslinking and resulted in a decrease in negative charge of the prepared membrane. This study advances the understanding of the impact of heat and bubbles release induced by the addition of acid acceptors on NF membrane structure and performance.