Effects of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction on reproductive aging

Mitochondria, the versatile organelles crucial for cellular and organismal viability, play a pivotal role in meeting the energy requirements of cells through the respiratory chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, concomitant with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A wealth of evidence derived from contemporary investigations on reproductive longevity strongly indicates that the aberrant elevation of ROS level constitutes a fundamental factor in hastening the aging process of reproductive systems which are responsible for transmission of DNA to future generations. Constant changes in redox status, with a pro-oxidant shift mainly through the mitochondrial generation of ROS, are linked to the modulation of physiological and pathological pathways in gametes and reproductive tissues. Furthermore, the quantity and quality of mitochondria essential to capacitation and fertilization are increasingly associated with reproductive aging. The article aims to provide current understanding of the contributions of ROS derived from mitochondrial respiration to the process of reproductive aging. Moreover, understanding the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on both female and male fertility is conducive to finding therapeutic strategies to slow, prevent or reverse the process of gamete aging, and thereby increase reproductive longevity.