Seizure Cycles under Pharmacotherapy

Objective This study was undertaken to determine the effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs) on multidien (multiday) cycles of interictal epileptiform activity (IEA) and seizures and evaluate their potential clinical significance. Methods We retrospectively analyzed up to 10 years of data from 88 of the 256 total adults with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy who participated in the clinical trials of the RNS System, an intracranial device that keeps records of IEA counts. Following adjunctive ASM trials, we evaluated changes over months in (1) rates of self‐reported disabling seizures and (2) multidien IEA cycle strength (spectral power for periodicity between 4 and 40 days). We used a survival analysis and the receiver operating characteristics to assess changes in IEA as a predictor of seizure control. Results Among 56 (33.3%) of the 168 adjunctive ASM trials suitable for analysis, ASM introduction was followed by an average 50 to 70% decrease in multidien IEA cycle strength and a concomitant 50 to 70% decrease in relative seizure rate for up to 12 months. Individuals with a ≥50% decrease in IEA cycle strength in the first 3 months of an ASM trial had a higher probability of remaining seizure responders (≥50% seizure rate reduction, p < 10 −7 ) or super‐responders (≥90%, p < 10 −8 ) over the next 12 months. Interpretation In this large cohort, a decrease in multidien IEA cycle strength following initiation of an adjunctive ASM correlated with seizure control for up to 12 months, suggesting that fluctuations in IEA mirror “disease activity” in pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy and may have clinical utility as a biomarker to predict treatment response. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:743–753