Are Aptamers Really Promising as Receptors for Analytical Purposes? Insights into Anti-Lysozyme DNA Aptamers through a Multitechnique Study

Aptamers are recognition elements increasingly used for the development of biosensing strategies, especially in the detection of proteins or small molecule targets. Lysozyme, which is recognized as an important biomarker for various diseases and a major allergenic protein found in egg whites, is one of the main analytical targets of aptamer-based biosensors. However, since aptamer-based strategies can be prone to artifacts and data misinterpretation, rigorous strategies for multifaceted characterization of the aptamer–target interaction are needed. In this work, a multitechnique approach has been devised to get further insights into the binding performance of the anti-lysozyme DNA aptamers commonly used in the literature. To study molecular interactions between lysozyme and different anti-lysozyme DNA aptamers, measurements based on a magneto-electrochemical apta-assay, circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation were performed. The reliability and versatility of the approach were proved by investigating a SELEX-selected RNA aptamer reported in the literature, that acts as a positive control. The results confirmed that an interaction in the low micromolar range is present in the investigated binding buffers, and the binding is not associated with a conformational change of either the protein or the DNA aptamer. The similar behavior of the anti-lysozyme DNA aptamers compared to that of randomized sequences and polythymine, used as negative controls, showed nonsequence-specific interactions. This study demonstrates that severe testing of aptamers resulting from SELEX selection is the unique way to push these biorecognition elements toward reliable and reproducible results in the analytical field.