Natural killer cell membrane doped supramolecular nanoplatform with immuno-modulatory functions for immuno-enhanced tumor phototherapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has garnered significant attention as a promising approach to cancer therapy, harnessing the combined benefits of localized light treatment and the accompanying host immune response. In this study, we engineered an immuno-enhanced PDT nanoplatform, denoted as HM@p-MOF (hybrid membrane@porphyrin-metal organic framework). The core porphyrin-MOF was cloaked with a hybrid membrane derived from B16F10 cancer cells and NK cells, resulting in enhanced stability. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, our finding demonstrated that the hybrid membrane conferred dual targeting capabilities to the nanoplatform, leveraging the unique properties of the B16F10 membrane and NK membrane to augment immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by photodynamic effects. Additionally, in conjunction with the immunomodulatory functions of the NK cell membrane, we observed an expansion of in situ immune infiltration leading to a systemic immune response. The HM@p-MOF nanoplatform exhibited the capacity to not only inhibit the growth of mouse melanoma but also suppress metastasis. This innovative HM@p-MOF nanoplatform present a viable strategy to enhance phototherapeutic efficacy for both localized and metastatic tumors. It provides a direction for the fabrication of biomimetic nanomedicines possessing immuno-modulatory function.