Unveiling the next generation of bisphenol analogs and their impact on human health using in vitro methods

Bisphenols are a group of organic compounds used frequently in industries to make plastics, coatings, and resins. These compounds recently gained attention due to their potential endocrine-disrupting effects. Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most studied compound among the bisphenol group. Many countries have banned the use of bisphenol A (BPA) because of its toxic effects, which have led to the invention of other bisphenol analogs, such as bisphenol F, bisphenol B, bisphenol P, and bisphenol AF. Many studies found that bisphenol analogs may also pose endocrine-disrupting effects like BPA or can be even more toxic. Additionally, they may exhibit genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Increased concentrations of bisphenol analogs have been detected in the abiotic environment and human urine. In some regions, the detected quantity is similar to or higher than BPA. However, a significant research gap exists concerning the precise elucidation of the mechanism of action, adverse physiological effects, and ramifications for human health associated with bisphenol analogs. Consequently, a compelling need arises for more research and the accumulation of empirical data to address the consequences of bisphenol analog exposure and ensure public health preservation. The findings resulting from initiatives in biomonitoring and varied explorations into the detrimental effects of bisphenol analogs accentuate the pressing requirement for a more exhaustive investigation. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the prevalence and toxicity of bisphenol analogs, along with existing knowledge gaps. It underscores the need to address these gaps for effective regulatory and public health strategies, contributing to a more informed approach to managing the potential risks posed by these analogs.