Screening of bio-recognition elements by phage display and their application in the detection of foodborne pathogens

Foodborne pathogens are an important cause of food safety problems. However, detection of low number of pathogens in foods can be challenging, as the available recognition molecules are limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to expand the types of bio-recognition elements (BREs). Phage display technology (PDT) is a powerful tool to obtain specific BREs. In addition, chemical modification, high-throughput pipeline design, microfluidic technology, and nanostructured function interface have received extensive attention. The integration of these technologies can improve the quality and acquisition efficiency of BREs, and thus they have been successfully developed into a detection platform for pathogens. This review provides an overview of the principles, advantages and disadvantages of three libraries constructed by M13 classical filamentous phage. The challenges encountered in the screening process are discussed, and emerging screening technologies are summarized. Special emphasis is given to the potential applications of phage-displayed BREs combined with biosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria (genera, serotypes, drug-resistant bacteria), fungi and mycotoxins, and viruses. This review serves as a knowledge and research foundation for further studies and applications in the screening of BREs by phage display.