Recent progress in homogeneous immunosensors based on fluorescence or bioluminescence using antibody engineering

Homogeneous immunosensors integrate the advantages of both biosensors and immunoassays; they include speed, high sensitivity, and accuracy. They have been developed rapidly in the past few years and offer a cost-effective alternative technology with rapidity, sensitivity, and user-friendliness, which has been applied in a wide variety of applications. This review introduces the current directions of immunosensor development, focusing on fluorescent and bioluminescent immunosensors and highlighting the advantages, improvements, and key approaches to overcome the limitations of each.