Metal-organic framework nanopesticide carrier for accurate pesticide delivery and decrement of groundwater pollution

The motivation of the present study was a synthesis of the nanocomposites of [email protected]/Biochar to embed carbendazim (CBZ) pesticide inside its porous structures for smart spraying and cleaner production. [email protected]@ZnO/Biochar had the purpose of not only smart spraying to avoid releasing a large amount of CBZ into the groundwater but also of accurately delivering the CBZ pesticide to the desired grass/plant. High-resolution electron microscopy was introduced to characterise the morphologies of prepared composites with spatial elemental distribution mapping. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and micro-Raman spectroscopy were employed for the crystal structures of [email protected] Spectral UV–Vis and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) tools were utilized to estimate the [email protected]/Biochar-based adsorption and release of CBZ into the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-water mixture. Our results indicated that the adsorption capacities of CBZ into the DMSO-water mixture onto [email protected] and [email protected]/Biochar nanocomposites were obtained at 68.8% and 72.6%. The half-life of photodegradation rate constants for [email protected]@ZnO/Biochar was found to be 12.3 times longer than that of free CBZ. Notably, [email protected]@ZnO/Biochar inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) determination was estimated at 73.8 μg/L and 209 μg/L for Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger. This work provides a comprehensive experimental scheme for the chemisorption process of CBZ onto the [email protected]/Biochar composite materials and the nanopesticide applications in sustainable agriculture towards cleaner productions.