Sex differences in neural response to an acute stressor in individuals with an alcohol use disorder

Abstract Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and stress influence overlapping neural circuits in the brain. The literature is mixed regarding the presence of sex differences in the neural response to acute stressors, and this issue has not been examined in individuals with AUD. We validated a stress functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm in individuals with AUD and tested for sex differences. Methods Twenty‐five treatment‐seeking individuals with AUD (15M/10F) were recruited to participate in the neuroimaging study linked to a clinical trial of ibudilast (NCT03594435). To assess social‐evaluative stress, participants completed the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST). Whole brain and amygdala region‐of‐interest analyses were conducted. Subjective ratings of anxiety and distress were collected. Repeated measures ANCOVAs were performed to evaluate the effect of stress on anxiety and distress and to evaluate sex differences. Results There were trend‐level effects of stress on anxiety ratings and amygdala activation ( p 's = 0.06). There was a significant effect of stress in the bilateral thalamus, ventral tegmental area, and paracingulate ( Z 's > 4.09, p 's < 0.03). There was a trend‐level effect of sex on subjective ratings of stress ( p 's = 0.07). Females had higher amygdala activation in response to stress ( p = 0.02). Females also had greater activation than males in the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, and right inferior frontal gyrus during acute stress ( Z 's > 3.56, p 's < 0.03). Conclusions This study provides an initial validation of the MIST in a sample of individuals with AUD. It also provides preliminary evidence of sex differences in the response to social‐evaluative stress, which is important, given the relevance of stress and negative emotionality as motivators for alcohol use in females.