Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology

1 Introduction.- Bibliography of general background books.- 2 Interfacial contact.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Surface tension.- 2.3 Wetting equilibria.- 2.3.1 Theoretical considerations.- 2.3.2 Experimental considerations.- 2.3.3 Effect of surface roughness.- 2.4 Surface and interfacial free energies.- 2.4.1 Low-energy surfaces.- 2.4.2 High-energy surfaces.- 2.4.3 Orientation at interfaces.- 2.4.4 Applicability to adhesives technology.- 2.5 Kinetics of wetting.- 2.5.1 Surface tension gradients.- 2.5.2 Dynamic contact angles.- 2.5.3 The influence of surface roughness.- 2.5.4 Time-temperature considerations.- 2.6 The bonding operation.- 2.6.1 Air entrapment.- 2.6.2 The bonding environment.- 2.7 Concluding remarks.- References.- 3 Mechanisms of adhesion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mechanical interlocking.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Plating of plastics.- 3.2.3 Mechanically roughened substrates.- 3.2.4 Chemically roughened substrates.- 3.2.5 The role of localized energy dissipation.- 3.2.6 Summary.- 3.3 Diffusion theory.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Modelling interfacial diffusion.- 3.3.3 Direct experimental evidence.- 3.3.4 Criticisms of the diffusion theory.- 3.3.5 Welding of plastics.- 3.3.6 Polymer/metal interfaces.- 3.3.7 Summary.- 3.4 Electronic theory.- 3.4.1 Introduction.- 3.4.2 Deryaguin's studies.- 3.4.3 Weaver's studies.- 3.4.4 Criticisms of the electronic theory.- 3.4.5 Summary.- 3.5 Adsorption theory.- 3.5.1 Introduction.- 3.5.2 Secondary force interactions.- 3.5.3 Donor-1 Introduction.- Bibliography of general background books.- 2 Interfacial contact.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Surface tension.- 2.3 Wetting equilibria.- 2.3.1 Theoretical considerations.- 2.3.2 Experimental considerations.- 2.3.3 Effect of surface roughness.- 2.4 Surface and interfacial free energies.- 2.4.1 Low-energy surfaces.- 2.4.2 High-energy surfaces.- 2.4.3 Orientation at interfaces.- 2.4.4 Applicability to adhesives technology.- 2.5 Kinetics of wetting.- 2.5.1 Surface tension gradients.- 2.5.2 Dynamic contact angles.- 2.5.3 The influence of surface roughness.- 2.5.4 Time-temperature considerations.- 2.6 The bonding operation.- 2.6.1 Air entrapment.- 2.6.2 The bonding environment.- 2.7 Concluding remarks.- References.- 3 Mechanisms of adhesion.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mechanical interlocking.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Plating of plastics.- 3.2.3 Mechanically roughened substrates.- 3.2.4 Chemically roughened substrates.- 3.2.5 The role of localized energy dissipation.- 3.2.6 Summary.- 3.3 Diffusion theory.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Modelling interfacial diffusion.- 3.3.3 Direct experimental evidence.- 3.3.4 Criticisms of the diffusion theory.- 3.3.5 Welding of plastics.- 3.3.6 Polymer/metal interfaces.- 3.3.7 Summary.- 3.4 Electronic theory.- 3.4.1 Introduction.- 3.4.2 Deryaguin's studies.- 3.4.3 Weaver's studies.- 3.4.4 Criticisms of the electronic theory.- 3.4.5 Summary.- 3.5 Adsorption theory.- 3.5.1 Introduction.- 3.5.2 Secondary force interactions.- 3.5.3 Donor-acceptor interactions.- 3.5.4 Primary force interactions.- 3.5.5 Molecular complexes.- 3.6 Concluding remarks.- References.- 4 Surface pretreatments.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Low-energy surfaces.- 4.2.1 Introduction.- 4.2.2 Fluorocarbon polymers.- 4.2.3 Polyolefins.- 4.2.4 Other plastic substrates.- 4.2.5 Plastic laminate materials.- 4.2.6 Rubbers.- 4.2.7 Plasma treatments.- 4.3 High-energy surfaces.- 4.3.1 Introduction.- 4.3.2 Solvent cleaning.- 4.3.3 Mechanical abrasion.- 4.3.4 Chemical treatments.- 4.3.5 Primers.- 4.3.6 Plasma treatments.- 4.4 Concluding remarks.- References.- 5 Hardening of the adhesive.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Hardening by solvent or dispersing medium removal.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Examples.- 5.3 Hardening by cooling.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Examples.- 5.4 Hardening by chemical reaction.- 5.4.1 Introduction.- 5.4.2 Examples.- 5.5 Non-hardening adhesives.- 5.6 Concluding remarks.- References.- 6 Mechanical behaviour of adhesive joints.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Common joint designs.- 6.3 Standard test methods.- 6.4 Stresses in adhesive joints.- 6.4.1 Introduction.- 6.4.2 Engineering properties of the adhesive.- 6.4.3 Axially loaded butt or poker-chip joints.- 6.4.4 Single lap joints.- 6.4.5 Double lap joints.- 6.4.6 Modified lap joints.- 6.4.7 Peel joints.- 6.4.8 Miscellaneous joint geometries.- 6.4.9 Internal stresses.- 6.4.10 Comparison of joint test geometries.- 6.5 Non-destructive testing.- 6.5.1 Introduction.- 6.5.2 Inspection of pretreated substrates.- 6.5.3 Inspection of adhesive joints.- 6.6 Concluding remarks.- References.- 7 Fracture mechanics of adhesive joints.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Theoretical considerations.- 7.2.1 Introduction.- 7.2.2 Energy balance approach.- 7.2.3 Stress intensity factor approach.- 7.2.4 Width effects.- 7.2.5 Relationships between G and K.- 7.3 Experimental considerations.- 7.3.1 Introduction.- 7.3.2 Flexible joints.- 7.3.3 Rigid joints.- 7.4 Typical values of Gc and Kc.- 7.5 Effect of joint geometry.- 7.5.1 Introduction.- 7.5.2 Flexible peel joints.- 7.5.3 Structural adhesives.- 7.5.4 Modes of loading.- 7.6 Effect of rate and temperature.- 7.6.1 Introduction.- 7.6.2 Rubbery adhesives.- 7.6.3 Rigid adhesives.- 7.7 Concluding remarks.- References.- 8 The service life of adhesive joints.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Fatigue.- 8.2.1 Dynamic fatigue.- 8.2.2 Static fatigue.- 8.3 Environmental attack.- 8.3.1 Introduction.- 8.3.2 General observations.- 8.3.3 Mechanisms of attack.- 8.3.4 Kinetics of attack.- 8.3.5 The role of stress.- 8.3.6 Service life predictions.- 8.4 Concluding remarks.- References.- Notations.- English alphabet.- Greek alphabet.- Abbreviations.- Author index.