Forkhead Transcription Factors in Health and Disease

Forkhead box (FOX) proteins belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors involved in critical functions during development and in the adult. FOX proteins display some degree of functional redundancy as well as specific roles. Alterations of FOX genes are responsible for human genetic diseases, cancer, and aging. Forkhead box (FOX) proteins belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that has evolved by gene/genome duplication. FOX family members have undergone sequence and regulatory diversification. However, they have retained some degree of functional redundancy, in addition to playing specific roles, both during development and in the adult. Genetic alterations or misregulation of FOX genes underlie human genetic diseases, cancer, and/or aging. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the main characteristics of the members of this family, in terms of breadth of expression, protein domain composition, evolution, and function. Forkhead box (FOX) proteins belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that has evolved by gene/genome duplication. FOX family members have undergone sequence and regulatory diversification. However, they have retained some degree of functional redundancy, in addition to playing specific roles, both during development and in the adult. Genetic alterations or misregulation of FOX genes underlie human genetic diseases, cancer, and/or aging. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the main characteristics of the members of this family, in terms of breadth of expression, protein domain composition, evolution, and function. effects of all alleles/genes which influence a phenotype. protein–protein interactions involving identical/different partners (or, more loosely speaking, belonging to the same/different protein families). estrogen hyperproduction/excess. those departing from a linear behavior. This is observed for cooperative TFs where the relationship between TF concentration and the transcriptional output is sigmoidal or S-shaped. value observed when a trait is measured (quantitative) or classified (qualitative) on an individual. approach for studying protein–protein interaction by co-immunoprecipitation. The protein of interest is expressed as a fusion protein with two different ‘tags’ used for their sequential affinity purification. This increases the purity of the preparation while perturbing the least possible protein complexes. ability to cross the basal lamina of an epithelium and invade an underlying layer.