Cytoskeletal tension forces mitohormesis

Mitochondria control eukaryotic cell fate by producing the energy needed to support life and the signals required to execute programmed cell death. The biochemical milieu regulates mitochondrial function and contributes to the dysfunctional mitochondrial phenotypes implicated in cancer and the morbidities of ageing. Extracellular matrix stiffness and cytoskeletal tension are also altered in cancer and in aged tissues. We determined that cytoskeletal tension elicits a mitochondrial stress response that modifies mitochondrial function via SLC9A1-dependent ion exchange and HSF1-dependent transcription. Our data indicate that this cytoskeletal tension-induced mitochondrial stress response, termed mitohormesis, adaptively tunes mitochondrial metabolism and facilitates oxidative stress resilience. These findings demonstrate that cytoskeletal tension regulates mitochondrial function and suggests that mechanical forces influence tissue behavior by modulating mitochondrial metabolism.