Intra‐abdominal hemorrhage following 739 consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomy: Risk factors and treatments

Post-pancreaticoduodenectomy hemorrhage (PPH) is a potentially lethal complication. The objective of this study was to explore the risk factors of PPH and to evaluate the treatment options.Clinical data of 739 consecutive patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between 2009 and 2017 were collected from a prospectively maintained database. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression model to evaluate potential risk factors associated with early and late PPH.The morbidity of PPH was 8.7% (64/739), while the mortality was 12.5% (8/64). Twenty-two (34.4%) patients developed PPH within postoperative day 1 (early PPH) whereas 42 (65.6%) patients after postoperative day 1 (late PPH). No significant risk factor was identified associated with early PPH, whereas pancreatic duct diameter < 0.4 cm, and intra-abdominal complications, such as pancreatic fistula, intra-abdominal abscess, and delayed gastric emptying, were independently correlated with late PPH. There were 10 (15.6%) grade A, 28 (43.8%) grade B, and 26 (40.6%) grade C bleedings. The bleeding sites were verified by endoscopy, angiography, and/or exploratory laparotomy in 23 of 54 (42.6%) patients with grade B or C hemorrhage. Seven out of nine (78%) patients with arterial bleeding were cured by angiography and embolization, while 10 of 11 (90.9%) patients with anastomotic, venous, or retroperitoneum bleeding were rescued by laparotomy. Ten patients with grade A and 22 patients with grade B or C hemorrhage were treated successfully by blood transfusion and hemostatic medications.Hemorrhage following pancreaticoduodenectomy is a common and lethal complication. Treatment strategies should be tailored according to different etiologies.