毒物
内分泌干扰物
镉
生物
生殖毒性
生理学
间质细胞
支持细胞
内分泌系统
毒性
内分泌学
毒理
精子发生
内科学
激素
医学
化学
促黄体激素
有机化学
作者
Cristina de Angelis,Mariano Galdiero,Claudia Pivonello,Ciro Salzano,Daniele Gianfrilli,Prisco Piscitelli,Andrea Lenzi,Annamaria Colao,Rosario Pivonello
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.07.021
摘要
Cadmium is an environmental pollutant known as endocrine disruptor. Testis is particularly susceptible to cadmium, and testis injury occurs at high but even low levels of exposure. Cadmium reproductive toxicity is mediated by multiple mechanisms, including structural damage to testis vasculature and blood-testis barrier, inflammation, cytotoxicity on Sertoli and Leydig cells, oxidative stress mainly by means of mimicry and interference with essential ions, apoptosis, interference with selected signaling pathways and epigenetic regulation of genes involved in the regulation of reproductive function, and disturbance of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. The current review outlines epidemiological observational findings from environmental and occupational exposure in humans, and reports experimental studies in humans and animals. Lastly, a focus on the pathogenetic mechanisms of cadmium toxicity and on the specific mechanisms of cadmium sensitivity and resistance, particularly assessed in animal models, is included. Despite convincing experimental findings in animals and supporting evidences in humans identifying cadmium as reproductive toxicant, observational findings are controversial, suffering from heterogeneity of study design and pattern of exposure, and from co-exposure to multiple pollutants.
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