医学
免疫系统
免疫检查点
癌症
下调和上调
癌细胞
程序性细胞死亡
受体
免疫学
免疫耐受
细胞毒性T细胞
细胞凋亡
癌症研究
PD-L1
内科学
细胞生物学
生物
免疫疗法
体外
生物化学
基因
作者
Sabine Groeger,Joerg Meyle
摘要
Abstract The programmed‐death‐ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) is an immune‐modulating molecule that is constitutively expressed on various immune cells, different epithelial cells and a multitude of cancer cells. It is a costimulatory molecule that may impair T‐cell mediated immune response. Ligation to the programmed‐death‐receptor (PD)‐1, on activated T‐cells and further triggering of the related signaling pathways can induce T‐cells apoptosis or anergy. The upregulation of PD‐L1 in various cancer types, including oral squamous cell carcinomas, was demonstrated and has been linked to immune escape of tumors and poor prognosis. A bidirectional relationship exists between the increased PD‐L1 expression and periodontitis as well as the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process of interconversion of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells that may induce immune escape of tumors. Interaction between exosomal PD‐L1 and PD‐1 on T‐cells may cause immunosuppression by blocking the activation and proliferation of T‐cells. The efficacy and importance of treatment with PD‐1/PD‐L1 checkpoint inhibitors and their prognostic influence on human cancers was demonstrated. Regarding PD‐1/PD‐L1 checkpoint inhibitors, resistances exist or may develop, basing on various factors. Further investigations of the underlying mechanisms will help to overcome the therapeutic limitations that result from resistances and to develop new strategies for the treatment of cancer.
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