Structural Features of the Glassy State and Their Impact on the Solid-State Properties of Organic Molecules in Pharmaceutical Systems

Highlights•Present amorphous structure in the glassy state as heterogeneous structures made of high-density domains surrounded by lower density arrangements, termed the microstructure.•Discuss the structure and properties of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients, including neat glasses, multicomponent mixtures (amorphous dispersion, coamorphous), and proteins.•Investigate the role of absorbed water in affecting the glass structure and chemical/physical stability.•Include examples of theoretical, computer simulations, and experimental studies which focus on the intermolecular interactions and the size of heterogeneous domains.AbstractThis paper reviews the structure and properties of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including small molecules and proteins, in the glassy state (below the glass transition temperature, Tg). Amorphous materials in the neat state and formulated with excipients as miscible amorphous mixtures are included, and the role of absorbed water in affecting glass structure and stability has also been considered. We defined the term "structure" to indicate the way the various molecules in a glass interact with each other and form distinctive molecular arrangements as regions or domains of varying number of molecules, molecular packing, and density. Evidence is presented to suggest that such systems generally exist as heterogeneous structures made up of high-density domains surrounded by a lower density arrangement of molecules, termed the microstructure. It has been shown that the method of preparation and the time frame for handling and storage can give rise to variable glass structures and varying physical properties. Throughout this paper, examples are given of theoretical, computer simulation, and experimental studies which focus on the nature of intermolecular interactions, the size of heterogeneous higher density domains, and the impact of such systems on the relative physical and chemical stability of pharmaceutical systems.