Nerve ultrasound for the diagnosis and follow-up of peripheral neuropathies

Purpose of review The purpose if this review is to provide an overview of the available data on the use of nerve ultrasound for the diagnosis and follow-up of peripheral neuropathies. Recent findings During the last decade, nerve ultrasound has been established as a complementary tool for the evaluation of morphological changes mostly for immune-mediated polyneuropathies. Through the development of ultrasound protocols for evaluation of disease-specific sites, nerve ultrasound has proven to be a practical, widely available, reproducible diagnostic tool with no relevant contraindications. Summary Cross-sectional area, echogenicity, morphology of the individual nerve fascicles, thickness of the epineurium, vascularization and mobility of the nerve are the main parameters evaluated with nerve ultrasound in polyneuropathies. Patients with typical chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy show multifocal nerve enlargements easily visible on the upper extremities and the brachial plexus, whereas its variants show focal nerve enlargements. On the other hand, axonal neuropathies including diabetic neuropathy present with isolated nerve enlargement mostly in compression sites.