Fluorine-rich deep eutectic electrolytes enabling robust interphases and nonflammability of high-voltage lithium metal batteries

A nonflammable fluorine-rich deep eutectic electrolyte (DEE) promotes LiF-rich and Li 3 N-rich robust interphases on both lithium metal anode and high-voltage cathode sides, endowing 4.5 V Li-metal batteries with exceptional cycling stability.