Effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on performance, blood parameters, fecal characteristics, rumen morphometrics, and intestinal gene expression in finishing beef bulls

We evaluated the effects of supplementing direct fed microbials (DFM), containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, on performance, rumen morphometrics, intestinal gene expression, and blood and fecal parameters in finishing bulls. Nellore × Angus bulls (n = 144; initial BW = 401 ± 45.5 kg) were distributed at random in 36 pens (4 bulls/pen and 18 pens/treatment), following a completely randomized design. A ground corn-based finishing diet was offered for ad libitum intake twice a day for 84 days, containing the following treatments: (1) control (without DFM); (2) DFM (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) at 6.4 × 109 CFU (2 g) per animal. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with a pen representing an experimental unit, the fixed effect of the treatment, and the random effect of pen nested within the treatment. For fecal parameters (two collections made), the collection effect and its interaction with the treatment was included in the model. Bulls that received the DFM had a decreased dry matter intake (P ≤ 0.01), did not differ in average daily gain (2.05 kg; P = 0.39), and had a 6% improvement in G:F (P = 0.05). The other performance variables, final BW, hot carcass weight, and hot carcass yield, did not differ (P > 0.10). Plasma urea-N concentration decreased by 6.2% (P = 0.02) in the bulls that received DFM. Glucose, haptoglobin, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were not different between treatments (P > 0.10). Ruminal morphometrics were not affected by the treatment (P > 0.10). The use of DFM tended to reduce fecal starch (P = 0.10). At slaughter, bulls fed DFM had an increased duodenal gene expression of tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (P = 0.02) and of superoxide dismutase-1 (P = 0.03). Overall, supplementation with DFM based on B. licheniformis and B. subtilis to Nellore × Angus bulls in the finishing phase decreased DMI, did not influence ADG, improved G:F, and increased the expression of genes important for duodenal function.