Cysteine cathepsins and autoimmune diseases: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization

Cysteine cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes crucial in various physiological and pathological processes, primarily operating within lysosomes. Their functions include protein degradation, immune system regulation, and involvement in various diseases. While some cysteine cathepsins play important roles in the immune system, their connection to autoimmune diseases remains unclear. This study proposes using Mendelian randomization to explore the causal relationship between cysteine cathepsins and autoimmune diseases. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for cysteine cathepsins were obtained from a publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset, while outcome SNP data were sourced from 10 separate GWAS datasets. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis employed the Wald ratio (WR) and inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach as primary methods, supplemented by the weighted median and MR-Egger methods. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran Q test, and sensitivity analysis was conducted using the MR-PRESSO method. The association strength between exposure and outcome was evaluated using odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The study identified a potential positive correlation between elevated cathepsin B and psoriasis (Wald ratio OR = 1.449, 95% CI: 1.053–1.993, P = .0227). Elevated cathepsin F was potentially linked to ulcerative colitis (WR OR = 1.073, 95% CI: 1.021–1.127, P = .0056), ankylosing spondylitis (WR OR = 1.258, 95% CI: 1.082–1.463, P = .0029), and primary biliary cholangitis(PBC) (WR OR = 1.958, 95% CI: 1.326–2.889, P = .0007). Conversely, cathepsin H appeared protective against celiac disease (WR OR = 0.881, 95% CI: 0.838–0.926, P = 6.5e‐7), though elevated levels may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes (IVW OR = 1.121, 95% CI: 1.053–1.194, P = .0003) and PBC (WR OR = 1.792, 95% CI: 1.062–3.024, P = .0288). Cathepsin Z was also associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes (IVW OR = 1.090, 95% CI: 1.006–1.181, P = .0349). The MR analysis suggests potential risks of cathepsin B with psoriasis, cathepsin F with ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, and PBC, and cathepsin Z with type 1 diabetes. Conversely, cathepsin H may protect against celiac disease but could increase the risk of type 1 diabetes and PBC.