Exploring genotypic variation and gene expression associated to cadmium accumulation in bread wheat

Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses significant risks to agricultural productivity and human health, particularly through its accumulation in staple crops such as bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study evaluated Cd accumulation and tolerance among six bread wheat cultivars exposed to six Cd concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg kg−1 soil). Phenotypic assessments and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were conducted to analyze the expression patterns of TaNRAMP and TaZIP genes in various tissues and developmental stages of wheat, which play crucial roles in Cd uptake and transport. Results demonstrated significant variability in Cd accumulation. The Barat cultivar exhibited the lowest accumulation in grain (ranging from 0.21 to 8.8 mg kg−1) and the highest tolerance. In contrast, Kavir and Pishtaz displayed elevated Cd levels in both grain and straw, while Parsi accumulated more Cd in straw at lower concentrations (56.9 mg kg−1 in Cd concentration of 10 mg kg−1 soil). The gene expression analysis revealed that most cultivars showed increased expression of TaNRAMP genes, particularly TaNRAMP2 in Cd concentration of 10 mg kg−1 soil, which facilitates Cd uptake from the soil, and TaZIP genes, such as TaZIP4 and TaZIP7, involved in transporting Cd within the plant. Notably, the expression of TaZIP1 was significantly lower in cultivars with high Cd accumulation, suggesting a potential regulatory mechanism for Cd tolerance. Furthermore, cultivars exhibiting higher Cd levels correlated with increased expression of stress-responsive genes, indicating a broader response to Cd stress. These findings highlight Barat's potential for bread-making applications due to its low Cd accumulation, while Morvarid and Pishtaz which show reduced Cd content in the straw even under high Cd exposure are better suited for animal feed. This research underscores the genetic variability of wheat cultivars in response to Cd stress and provides essential insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Cd accumulation, offering valuable information for breeding programs aimed at developing Cd-tolerant varieties to ensure food security in contaminated regions.