Integrated doped-Ru electrocatalyst with excellent H adsorption–desorption and active site on hollow tubular structures for boosting efficient hydrogen evolution

Electrochemical water splitting for hydrogen production is an ideal process for clean energy production. However, highly active and low-cost electrocatalysts are essential and challenging. In this work, a multi-component Cu-based catalyst (Ru-M-C-Cu), synergized with ruthenium (Ru) heteroatom doping, was synthesized via a facile immersion-calcination-immersion method. Based on the cotton biomass substrate, a hollow tubular structure was obtained. By virtue of its distinctive structure and high carbon content, cotton biomass assumed a dual role as a sacrificial template and a reducing agent in the eco-friendly synthesis of electrocatalysts, which was instrumental in the creation of a multi-component system augmented by heteroatom doping. The multi-component system was constructed by in-situ transformation and redox reaction during calcination in an oxygen-free environment. The Ru-M-C-Cu catalyst exhibited a competitive overpotential of 108 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm