Cognitive Decline in Early and Premature Menopause

更年期 痴呆 医学 更年期提前 雌激素 认知功能衰退 糖尿病 低雌激素 疾病 骨质疏松症 儿科 内科学 内分泌学
作者
Marta Sochocka,Julia Karska,Magdalena Pszczołowska,Michał Ochnik,Michał Fułek,Katarzyna Fułek,Donata Kurpas,Justyna Chojdak-Łukasiewicz,Anna Rosner‐Tenerowicz,Jerzy Leszek
出处
期刊:International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute]
卷期号:24 (7): 6566-6566 被引量:48
标识
DOI:10.3390/ijms24076566
摘要

Early and premature menopause, or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), affects 1% of women under the age of 40 years. This paper reviews the main aspects of early and premature menopause and their impact on cognitive decline. Based on the literature, cognitive complaints are more common near menopause: a phase marked by a decrease in hormone levels, especially estrogen. A premature reduction in estrogen puts women at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, parkinsonism, depression, osteoporosis, hypertension, weight gain, midlife diabetes, as well as cognitive disorders and dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that female sex hormones have long-lasting neuroprotective and anti-aging properties. Estrogens seem to prevent cognitive disorders arising from a cholinergic deficit in women and female animals in middle age premature menopause that affects the central nervous system (CNS) directly and indirectly, both transiently and in the long term, leads to cognitive impairment or even dementia, mainly due to the decrease in estrogen levels and comorbidity with cardiovascular risk factors, autoimmune diseases, and aging. Menopausal hormone therapy from menopause to the age of 60 years may provide a "window of opportunity" to reduce the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD in later life. Women with earlier menopause should be taken care of by various specialists such as gynecologists, endocrinologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists in order to maintain their mental health at the highest possible level.
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