Clinical Valid Pain Database with Biomarker and Visual Information for Pain Level Analysis

Pain is one of the most common and distressing symptoms reported by emergency room patients. Valid and reliable assessment of pain is essential for both clinical trials and effective pain management. A major limitation of automatic pain assessment by the facial expression is the lack of clinically validated data. This work aims at collecting a pain expression database for pain intensity analysis in clinical settings. The database includes 140 color video sequences, 140 multi-sensor sequences obtained by the Kinect 2, patients' sequence-level self-report, Cyclooxygenases (COXs) level, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level in the blood samples. The database also includes head poses and derived facial landmarks from the 2D video. The relationships of their self-report, Cyclooxygenases (COXs), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), head pose and facial expression are analyzed. The correlation between the clinical and non-clinical pain facial expressions have been evaluated as well.