Review of step-pool hydrodynamics in mountain streams

Step-pools are one of the major types of bed morphology prevalent in mountain streams. They have a unique flow structure as compared to low-gradient streams, in terms of large boundary elements and alternating super-critical and sub-critical flow conditions, which result in a non-uniform flow regime. Step-pools may also be constructed artificially to restore mountain incisions, and for creating close-to-nature fish passes. For hydraulic model development and various design considerations, the accurate prediction of flow phenomenon is required. This necessitates a detailed study of the turbulence phenomenon in natural step-pool reaches and its effect on the total flow. However, the influence of aerated conditions in step-pool hydrodynamics has not yet been adequately addressed. This paper presents a review of the mechanism of flow resistance and energy dissipation in step-pool mountain streams. Also, the significance of incorporating air entrainment in flow analysis, limitations and the way forward in modeling air–water flow in laboratory studies are discussed.