Multifunctional Magnetic Gold Nanomaterials for Cancer

Fundamental strategies for the synthesis of gold nanostructures with desirable optical properties are well developed, which is an important requirement for the design and fabrication of multifunctional magnetic gold nanomaterials. Using magnetic gold nanomaterials as a contrast agent in multimodal imaging overcomes the limitations of each individual imaging technique in early stage cancer diagnosis by providing enhanced spatial resolution and improved sensitivity. Synergistic effects of multiple therapies using a magnetic gold nanomaterials-based therapeutic agent are more effective in the treatment of cancer compared with single therapy. Cancer theranostics based on a combination of multiple imaging and therapies show excessive potentiality to fight against cancer, in which biocompatible multifunctional magnetic gold nanomaterials can play a significant role in future clinical translation. The integration of multiple imaging and therapeutic agents into a customizable nanoplatform for accurate identification and rapid prevention of cancer is attracting great attention. Among the available theranostic nanosystems, magnetic gold nanoparticles are particularly promising as they exhibit unique physicochemical properties that can support multiple functions, including cancer diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed tomography, Raman and photoacoustic imaging, drug delivery, and plasmonic photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This review gives an overview of recent advances in the fabrication of multifunctional gold nanohybrids with magnetic and optical properties and their successful demonstration in multimodal imaging and therapy of cancer. Concerns around toxicity of these nanomaterials are also discussed in view of an imminent transition to clinical practice. The integration of multiple imaging and therapeutic agents into a customizable nanoplatform for accurate identification and rapid prevention of cancer is attracting great attention. Among the available theranostic nanosystems, magnetic gold nanoparticles are particularly promising as they exhibit unique physicochemical properties that can support multiple functions, including cancer diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computed tomography, Raman and photoacoustic imaging, drug delivery, and plasmonic photothermal and photodynamic therapies. This review gives an overview of recent advances in the fabrication of multifunctional gold nanohybrids with magnetic and optical properties and their successful demonstration in multimodal imaging and therapy of cancer. Concerns around toxicity of these nanomaterials are also discussed in view of an imminent transition to clinical practice. the application of an invention from science, engineering, and technology principles and concepts to biological systems for healthcare purposes. the inhibition of loss of biological integrity in large scale due to the effect of nanomaterials on human health. Human biosafety of nanomedicine is a major concern for clinical use. a large number of diseases that involves abnormal cell proliferation and the ability to spread throughout the body. Cancer is the third leading cause of death in the world. a research leads to superior development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches by way of measuring their impact in the human body. a cancer treatment modality in which elevated temperature is used to kill cancer cells and subsequently to destroy the tumor without significant side effects to surrounding healthy cells and tissues. a unique optical characteristic of conductive nanomaterials produced by incident light-driven collective oscillation of conduction band electrons in nanomaterials of a size smaller than the wavelength of light. It is a powerful analytical technique in the determination of biomarkers, as well as being useful for photothermal therapy. a type of nanocomposite composed of gold nanomaterials and magnetic materials that shows the inherent properties of both materials. an innovative nanoplatform in biomedicine that exhibits multiple functions to determine and treat diseases by acting as contrast agents and therapeutic agents for various imaging and therapy. Multifunctional nanoparticles are more effective for cancer management. the most effective approach in biomedical field consists of more than one diagnostic and therapeutic approach in order for precise identification as well as enhanced treatment of diseases. high-performance nanomaterials made of two or more materials, which display typical properties of the individual materials. a material of different dimensions, with size in the nanometer scale range. a conventional medical technique that does not involve incision into the body or the removal of tissue during diagnosis as well as treatment. photoacoustic effect based an emerging biomedical imaging modality that has high prospective in preclinical research and clinical practice. a photothermal effect in which thermal energy (heat) is produced from the material when photoexcited by electromagnetic radiation. This produced heat is more promising for hyperthermia and responsive drug delivery. a physicochemical therapy for cancer treatment in which released heat from photothermal agents (e.g., AuNPs) with high photothermal conversion efficiency under NIR laser irradiation kill cancer cells. an agent including gold nanomaterials that achieves greater tumor inhibition by amplification of X-ray radiation doses. a therapeutic approach using a high dose of ionizing radiation to destroy cancer cells and subsequently shrink the tumors, with limited side effects and high success rate. a new field of medicine in which simultaneous diagnosis and therapy are performed for the management of diseases. a state of solid tumors arising from an insufficient supply of oxygen in blood vessels that leads to resistance to radiotherapy as well as chemotherapy. the cellular environment where the tumor cells are surrounded by noncancerous cells, including fibroblasts, immune cells, proteins, and blood vessels. The tumor can alter this environment, while the environment can affect the growth of the tumor.