Abstract A Co‐based heterogeneous catalyst supported on N,P co‐doped porous carbon (Co@NCP) is prepared via a facile in‐situ doping‐carbonization method. The Co@NCP composite features a large surface area, high pore volume, high‐density and strong basic sites. Furthermore, doping of P atoms can regulate the electronic density of Co. Therefore, Co@NCP exhibits good performance for the synthesis of quinoxalines from o ‐nitroanilines and biomass‐derived diols under alkali‐free conditions.