Dual Functional Monocytes Modulate Bactericidal and Anti‐Inflammation Process for Severe Osteomyelitis Treatment

Abstract Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory bone disease caused by infection microorganisms which leads to progressive bone destruction and loss. Drug resistance and inflammatory damage make it urgent to develop new dual‐functional therapies. Based on the powerful bactericidal effect of monocyte/macrophage cells by nature, a functional monocyte with programed anti‐inflammatory ability is promising for osteomyelitis treatment. Herein, gold nanocage (GNC)–modified monocytes are developed which contain aspirin to realize the controlled antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory process for bone infection treatment effectively. Aspirin@GNC‐laden monocytes inherit the biological functions of origin monocytes such as chemotaxis to bacteria, differentiation potential, and phagocytic ability. The controlled release of aspirin from GNC has a beneficial effect on improving the rate and amount of bone regeneration after the anti‐infection stage due to its ability to suppress the activity of natural immunity and induce osteoblast differentiation during the treatment of osteomyelitis. The present work described here is the first to utilize living monocytes to achieve a dual effect to antibacteria and anti‐inflammation in a time‐oriented and programed way, and provides an inspiration for future therapy based on this concept.