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Embryonic development of lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis: a staging series, analysis of growth and effects of fixation

生物 胚胎 囊胚 胚胎发生 鲱形白鲑 解剖 卵黄囊 男科 原肠化 渔业 医学
作者
Shayenthiran Sreetharan,Christopher Thome,Charlotte Mitz,John Eme,Casey A. Mueller,Emily N. Hulley,Richard G. Manzon,Christopher M. Somers,Douglas R. Boreham,Joanna Y. Wilson
出处
期刊:Journal of Fish Biology [Wiley]
卷期号:87 (3): 539-558 被引量:26
标识
DOI:10.1111/jfb.12725
摘要

A reference staging series of 18 morphological stages of laboratory reared lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis is provided. The developmental processes of blastulation, gastrulation, neurulation as well as development of the eye, circulatory system, chromatophores and mouth are included and accompanied by detailed descriptions and live imaging. Quantitative measurements of embryo size and mass were taken at each developmental stage. Eggs were 3·19 ± 0·16 mm (mean ± s.d. ) in diameter at fertilization and embryos reached a total length ( L T ) of 14·25 ± 0·41 mm at hatch. Separated yolk and embryo dry mass were 0·25 ± 0·08 mg and 1·39 ± 0·17 mg, respectively, at hatch. The effects of two common preservatives (formalin and ethanol) were examined throughout development and post hatch. Embryo L T significantly decreased following fixation at all points in development. A correction factor to estimate live L T from corresponding fixed L T was determined as live L T = (fixed L T ) 1·025 . Eye diameter and yolk area measurements significantly increased in fixed compared with live embryos up to 85–90% development for both measurements. The described developmental stages can be generalized to teleost species, and is particularly relevant for the study of coregonid development due to additionally shared developmental characteristics. The results of this study and staging series are therefore applicable across various research streams encompassing numerous species that require accurate staging of embryos and descriptions of morphological development.
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