Plant Stress, Acclimation, and Adaptation: A Review

Plant stress impacts a detrimental effect on growth. Stress component may be promoted by either abiotic (physical, chemical or environmental) or biotic (biological agents or pathogen) factors. Stresses are the important reason for persistent losses in the agrarian produces which badly affects the biomass production and survivability in most crops. Heavy metals activate a wide range of physiological and metabolic variations affecting the enzymatic processes. To counteract the stress, plants develop strategies like accumulating organic compounds, solutes, osmolytes, stress proteins and detoxifying enzymes. Diverse signalling pathways/genes regulating the response of plants against abiotic and biotic stress are contributing to stress responses. This review represents plant stress tolerance in general based on the up-to-date research data.