Negative electrode materials for high-energy density Li- and Na-ion batteries

Fabrication of new high-energy batteries is an imperative for both Li- and Na-ion systems in order to consolidate and expand electric transportation and grid storage in a more economic and sustainable way. Current research appears to focus on negative electrodes for high-energy systems that will be discussed in this review with a particular focus on C, Si, and P. This new generation of batteries requires the optimization of Si, and black and red phosphorus in the case of Li-ion technology, and hard carbons, black and red phosphorus for Na-ion systems. At present, Si and hard carbons are closer to their deployment in industry while new phosphorus-based materials still comprise complicated synthetic methods and need a more thorough study before reaching this final step in application.