Reaction-Mediated Transformation of Working Catalysts

Catalytic transformations are critical in a variety of thermal and electrochemical processes, including fuel and chemical generation, energy conversion, and decarbonization. Historically, various static assessment factors have been used to examine a wide range of catalytic materials. Surface, interfacial, and nanoscale phenomena have been seen in various catalytic disciplines, which are crucial to major applications. These phenomena sparked extensive discussions on how catalysts operate for reactions and adapt to working environments. With this recognition, the goal of this review is to go beyond the traditional static analysis of working catalysts and provide a perspective on the dynamic insights into structural and redox transformations at catalytic surfaces and electrified interfaces. The correlation between the transformation of working catalysts and their catalytic performance is examined, shedding light on understanding and controlling catalyst redox and structure evolution under operating conditions with properties tailored to thermochemical and electrocatalytic processes.