Toward human-centric smart manufacturing: A human-cyber-physical systems (HCPS) perspective

Advances in human-centric smart manufacturing (HSM) reflect a trend towards the integration of human-in-the-loop with technologies, to address challenges of human-machine relationships. In this context, the human-cyber-physical systems (HCPS), as an emerging human-centric system paradigm, can bring insights to the development and implementation of HSM. This study presents a systematic review of HCPS theories and technologies on HSM with a focus on the human-aspect is conducted. First, the concepts, key components, and taxonomy of HCPS are discussed. HCPS system framework and subsystems are analyzed. Enabling technologies (e.g., domain technologies, unit-level technologies, and system-level technologies) and core features (e.g., connectivity, integration, intelligence, adaptation, and socialization) of HCPS are presented. Applications of HCPS in smart manufacturing are illustrated with the human in the design, production, and service perspectives. This research offers key knowledge and a reference model for the human-centric design, evaluation, and implementation of HCPS-based HSM.