Asymmetric 1 × 4 Switch Based on MZI Using Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) for O-Band Applications

In optical communication, all-optical switches have become crucial components, and Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI)-based switches are well known for their speed of operation and also do not require O-E-O conversion. In this paper, asymmetric 1 × 4 switch based on MZI for O-band applications is demonstrated using lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrate. The asymmetric structure provides a larger bandwidth and very less sensitive to variations in fabrication parameters. The proposed switch is based on binary tree configuration with three stages of MZIs having different coupling lengths and splitting ratios. Its results have been analyzed for various coupling lengths and delay lengths of each MZI, and the insertion loss obtained is of the order of 1.162 dB which is less than the typical value of 2.8 dB.