Putative regulation of macrophage-mediated inflammation by catestatin

Catestatin (CST), a 21-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of the prohormone chromogranin A, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antiadrenergic functions in mice. CST is thought to be mainly co-released with catecholamines by neuroendocrine cells. Recent studies suggest that macrophages are also a source of CST and that the anti-inflammatory effects of CST might be attributable to CST produced by macrophages, at least in mice. We propose that CST produced by macrophages might suppress neuronal and neuroendocrine activity, in an inflammation-dependent manner. Catestatin (CST) is a bioactive cleavage product of the neuroendocrine prohormone chromogranin A (CgA). Recent findings show that CST can exert anti-inflammatory and antiadrenergic effects by suppressing the inflammatory actions of mammalian macrophages. However, recent findings also suggest that macrophages themselves are major CST producers. Here, we hypothesize that macrophages produce CST in an inflammation-dependent manner and thereby might self-regulate inflammation in an autocrine fashion. CST is associated with pathological conditions hallmarked by chronic inflammation, including autoimmune, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. Since intraperitoneal injection of CST in mouse models of diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease has been reported to be beneficial for mitigating disease, we posit that CST should be further investigated as a candidate target for treating certain inflammatory diseases. Catestatin (CST) is a bioactive cleavage product of the neuroendocrine prohormone chromogranin A (CgA). Recent findings show that CST can exert anti-inflammatory and antiadrenergic effects by suppressing the inflammatory actions of mammalian macrophages. However, recent findings also suggest that macrophages themselves are major CST producers. Here, we hypothesize that macrophages produce CST in an inflammation-dependent manner and thereby might self-regulate inflammation in an autocrine fashion. CST is associated with pathological conditions hallmarked by chronic inflammation, including autoimmune, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders. Since intraperitoneal injection of CST in mouse models of diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease has been reported to be beneficial for mitigating disease, we posit that CST should be further investigated as a candidate target for treating certain inflammatory diseases. secrete norepinephrine and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and visceral glands, among others; found in the central and autonomic nervous system; responsible for a variety of basic physiological functions. cell secretes a messenger (such as a cytokine or catestatin) that binds to the cognate receptors on that same cell. group of structurally related neurotransmitters, which includes dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). 49-kDa prohormone secreted by endocrine cells; its proteolytic processing gives rise to several bioactive peptide fragments, including CST. secretes hormones, such as CgA, in the blood in response to stimuli. located in the gastrointestinal tract; produces hormones, such as CgA and serotonin. functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. As a hormone, it is produced in the adrenal medulla and neuroendocrine cells, whereas, as a neurotransmitter it is produced by neurons or neuroendocrine cells. Following release, it can activate the sympathetic nervous system by binding to α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Its effects depend on the specific tissue and mostly affect cardiac output or blood pressure, vasoconstriction via smooth muscle contraction and glucose production by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. connects nervous and endocrine systems; can receive signals from neurons via neurotransmitters and, as a result, secrete hormones, such as CgA, and/or neurotransmitters, including catecholamines. small peptides produced by neurons and neuroendocrine cells that act via various G-protein-coupled receptors to modulate cell and synaptic activity. functions as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. As a hormone, it is produced in the adrenal medulla, whereas, as a neurotransmitter, it is produced by nerves or neuroendocrine cells. Following release, it can activate the sympathetic nervous system by binding to α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Its release increases blood pressure and heart rate, and reduces blood flow to the gastrointestinal system. cell produces a messenger molecule that triggers signaling in nearby cells.