非同义代换
生物
替代(逻辑)
突变率
进化生物学
基因
机制(生物学)
变化(天文学)
遗传学
中性突变
选择(遗传算法)
同义替换
分子进化
植物进化
稳健性(进化)
单核苷酸多态性
否定选择
功能(生物学)
系统发育学
基因组
密码子使用偏好性
认识论
物理
基因型
天体物理学
哲学
计算机科学
人工智能
程序设计语言
作者
Yongfeng Zhou,Liang Yang,Shohei Takuno,Luis E. Eguiarte
标识
DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145119
摘要
Early studies of protein evolution established that evolutionary rates vary among sites, genes, and lineages. Here, we review rate variation within each of these three components, with an emphasis on plant nuclear genes. Evolutionary rates vary among nucleotide sites as a consequence of selection and mutational biases. Mutation varies among sites as a function of the base, its neighboring bases, and its proximity to insertion-deletion polymorphisms. Nonsynonymous rate variation among genes correlates most strongly with gene expression, perhaps owing to selection for translational robustness. Among lineages, perennial plants evolve more slowly than annuals, but the mechanism driving this effect remains unclear. There are also interactions among these three main components; we discuss the patterns of interaction and their significance for understanding the evolutionary forces that shape nucleotide substitution rates in plants. Finally, we highlight gaps in our knowledge and future opportunities to answer fundamental questions in plant molecular evolution.
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