Plumbing System Architecture and Differentiation Processes of the Nyiragongo Volcano, DR Congo

地质学 岩浆房 地球化学 火山 熔岩 岩浆 黄铁矿 微量元素 岩性 橄榄石 不相容元素 分步结晶(地质学) 分馏 火成岩分异 矿物学 部分熔融 结壳 古生物学 化学 有机化学 尖晶石
作者
Sander M. Molendijk,Olivier Namur,Ephrem Kamate Kaleghetso,Paul R.D. Mason,Benoît Smets,Jacqueline Vander Auwera,David A. Neave
出处
期刊:Journal of Petrology [Oxford University Press]
卷期号:65 (1) 被引量:3
标识
DOI:10.1093/petrology/egad088
摘要

ABSTRACT The Nyiragongo volcano is one of the most alkali-rich volcanic centres on the planet (Na2O + K2O generally >10 wt.%, agpaitic index up to 1.34), characterized by a semi-permanently active lava lake which hosts silica-undersaturated (SiO2 < 40 wt.%), low viscosity lavas. To improve our understanding of this unique magmatic system, we present a set of 291 samples, acquired during new field excursions between 2017 and 2021. The major and trace element composition of all samples was measured, revealing a lithological range extending from primitive picrites (Mg# 82) erupted from parasitic cones to a variety of highly evolved nephelinites, leucitites, and melilitites erupted from the main edifice as recently as 2002, 2016, and 2021. We measured major and trace element compositions from the full spectrum of minerals present in all sampled lithologies. From these we calculated that the main magma reservoirs feeding Nyiragongo are at approximately 9–15 and 21–33 km depth, in agreement with recent seismic observations. Fractional crystallization modelling using observed mineral compositions and proportions was performed to quantitatively link the lithologies to specific residual liquid fractions assuming evolution from an olivine-melilite parental melt. Our modelling indicates that fractionation and cumulate formation in deep chambers reduces the remaining melt fraction to ~60%, after which melts are injected into upper, liquid dominated magma chambers where fractionation and accumulation of clinopyroxene, melilite, and feldspathoids dominates. Characterisation of mineral textures and geochemistry reveals high crystal mobility in a repeatedly recharging plumbing system split between liquid-dominated, evolved magma chambers and more solid-dominated, primitive mushes, decreasing in liquid fraction with depth.
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