Gold Nanorods and Polymer Micelles Mediated Dual TLR Stimulators Delivery System CPG@Au NRs/M‐R848 Regulate Macrophages Reprogramming and DC Maturation for Enhanced Photothermal Immunotherapy of Melanoma

Abstract Synergistic photothermal immunotherapy has emerged as a favorable therapeutic approach to fight cancer. However, design of an effective photothermal immunotherapy system to suppress tumor growth and simultaneously inhibit tumor metastases continues to be a challenge. Here a dual toll‐like receptor agonists delivery system CPG@Au NRs/m‐R848 for combined photothermal immunotherapy of melanoma is developed. CPG@Au NRs/m‐R848 displays strong antitumor effects by promoting maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and reprogramming of M2 macrophages into M1 phenotype. Moreover, immunogenic cell death (ICD) induced by photothermal ablation of Au NRs could synergistically produce in situ vaccination effect with CPG ODN and R848, generating systemic and lasting antitumor immunity. It is further proved that CPG@Au NRs/m‐R848 treatment inhibits tumor growth in bilateral B16F10 tumors model by eliciting CD8+ T cell response. Overall, this work suggests that this strategy hold great potential in tumor immunotherapy by regulating tumor‐associated macrophage polarization, triggering DCs maturation and inducing ICD.