Biomimetic Cerium‐Assisted Supra‐Carbon Dots Assembly for Reactive Oxygen Species‐Activated Atherosclerosis Theranostic

Abstract Theranostic applications in atherosclerosis plaque microenvironment‐triggered nanoplatforms are significantly compromised by the complex synthesis procedure, non‐specific distribution, and limited therapeutic function. Therefore, development of a facile and feasible method to construct a pathology‐based stimuli‐responsive nanoplatform with satisfactory theranostic performance remains a demanding and highly anticipated goal. Herein, a novel class of multifunctional supra‐carbon dots (CDs), denoted as MM@Ce‐CDs NPs, by a simple nanoassembly and a subsequent coating with macrophage membrane (MM), is developed for the targeted reactive oxygen species‐trigged theranostic and positive regulation of the pathological plaque microenvironment in AS. The harvested MM@Ce‐CDs NPs exhibit activatable fluorescence properties, photoacoustic characteristics, and cascade enzyme performances, which can be effectively activated under ROS stimulation in the plaque pathological microenvironment, enabling precise control over theranostic functions, while markedly enhancing diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy for AS management. Besides, MM@Ce‐CDs NPs can effectively manipulate the plaque microenvironment by reducing ROS levels and inflammation, alleviating M1 macrophage infiltration, and inhibiting foam cell formation, all together suppressing the pathological plaque development through the synergistic mechanisms. In addition, MM@Ce‐CDs NPs inherit the biomimetic biological functions from MM, facilitating a highly specific target delivery to AS.