Collagen Based Composites Derived from Marine Organisms: As a Solution for the Underutilization of Fish Biomass, Jellyfish and Sponges

In the past few years, researchers have been aggressively digging out the use of marine collagen derived from renewable sources to make full use of it. Thus, this review reports various applications that have been developed by the researchers as marine collagen uses in tissue engineering, 3D bio-printing, catalysts for oxidation and reduction, biomedical applications and in cosmetic sectors. Moreover, researchers believe that collagen represents a potential as valid renewable resources for bioplastics, and biomaterials for composite applications. Particularly, marine organisms and biomass, including fish, jellyfish, starfish, fishery wastes and sponges contain very high amount of collagen, thus, have a wide range of uses that are yet to be realized especially in composite applications. These approaches promote the development of sustainable products, practice zero-waste strategy, highly-sustainable economic, and also reduced environmental pollution. Therefore, in this study, the emerging sources of marine organisms-derived collagen and its properties were reviewed. A comprehensive literature review on the fabrication of marine collagen-based composite to find out what researchers have found and investigated in marine ponging and collagen, plus, recent developments of the composites in advanced engineering applications also included.